In this vein, difficulties with recollecting emotional events and/or autonoetic consciousness were propounded to exist in offenders with psychopathy, who feature impairments in empathy and affective ToM (Shamay-Tsoory and Aharon-Peretz, 2007 Craig et al., 2009). Tulving ( 2005) remarked that Darwin's description of “moral being” had alluded to several features, which may be tied to morality, such as the capability for recollecting the past, the capacity for autonoetic consciousness and the ability to subjectively mentally travel in time, both into past and future. Several authors proposed that EAM or autonoetic consciousness modulate an individual's capacity to make inferences about others' mental states and feelings, and distinguish these states from his or her own ones (Batson et al., 1996 Bluck et al., 2005 Saxe et al., 2006 Staniloiu et al., 2010a). While the latter definition of autonoetic consciousness might suggest a link between EAM and the dialectic of self and others (Suddendorf et al., 2009), the relationship between EAM (Tulving, 2005 Markowitsch and Staniloiu, 2012) and social cognition (Adolphs, 2010a) remains debated, and insufficiently explored experimentally. 260) stated that autonoetic consciousness entails a “sense of self in time and the ability to relive subjective experiences from the encoding context by mentally traveling back in time.” Markowitsch proposed that autonoetic consciousnes is characterized by a superior ability to reflect upon oneself and distinguish oneself from the social and biological environment (Markowitsch, 2003 Markowitsch and Staniloiu, 2011a). 335) defined it as the “capacity that allows adult humans to mentally represent and to become aware of their protracted existence across subjective time.” Lemogne et al. Autonoetic consciousness has been conceptualized in slightly different ways.
It is currently defined as being the conjunction of subjective time, autonoetic consciousness, and the experiencing self (Tulving, 2005). EAM is considered the last ontogenetic and phylogenetic achievement (Nelson, 2003, 2005 Nelson and Fivush, 2004 Tulving, 2005). These systems are considered to build up on each other ontogenetically and phylogenetically. Along the content axis, five long-term memory systems were described (Tulving, 2005). Memory is divided according to time and content axes, respectively (Markowitsch and Staniloiu, 2012). They support proposals for a role of the hippocampal formation in processing more complex social information that likely requires multimodal relational handling.
Our results point to both preserved (empathy, core ToM functions, visual affect selection, and discrimination, affective prosody discrimination) and impaired domains of social information processing (incongruent affective prosody processing, complex social judgments). In addition to extensive memory investigations and testing other (non-social) cognitive functions, we employed a broad range of tests that assessed social information processing (social perception, social cognition, social regulation). Structural high resolution magnetic resonance imaging revealed significant bilateral hippocampal atrophy as well as indices for degeneration in the amygdalae, basal ganglia, and thalamus, when a less conservative threshold was applied. The patient was investigated medically, psychiatrically, and with neuropsychological and neuroimaging methods. Herein we aim to bring new insights into the relation between EAM and social information processing (including social cognition) by describing a young adult patient with amnesia with neurodevelopmental mechanisms due to perinatal complications accompanied by hypoxia. In the research field, the link between EAM and social cognition remains however debated.
Furthermore it was hypothesized that one of the main functions of EAM is the social one. Developmental studies have emphasized socio-cultural-linguistic mechanisms that may be unique to the development of EAM. This network includes the hippocampal formation, which is viewed as being vital for the acquisition of memories of personal events for long-term storage. On the brain level its emergence is accompanied by structural and functional reorganization of different components of the so-called EAM network. Episodic–autobiographical memory (EAM) is considered to emerge gradually in concert with the development of other cognitive abilities (such as executive functions, personal semantic knowledge, emotional knowledge, theory of mind (ToM) functions, language, and working memory).
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